The Rise And Continuation Of The Pro-Choice Movement Essays

The Rise And Continuation Of The Pro-Choice Movement On January 22, 1973, the movement to legalize abortion achieved its greatest victory with the Roe v. Wade ruling. This paper will analyze the rise and continuation of this movement over the course of the past forty years. Unlike other social movements, the Pro-Choice movement as maintained its power even after apparent victory was achieved. Due to this, the abortion argument continues today and will probably continue into this century and beyond. The emergence of the Pro-Choice movement did not occur via the usual social movement routes. Most social movements emerge from within established institutions, with support from elites, or with origins that involved professional movement organizers. The early Pro-Choice movement, however, emerged as a collection of concerned physicians and professionals who wanted to help legalize abortion and keep it safe. In the 1950s and 1960s several published articles appeared that suggested needed reforms to the abortion laws and this began public attention on this issue. Two events occurred during the 1960s that also brought media attention to this emerging movement. The first was the highly publicized case of Sherri Finkbine, a woman who attempted to get a legal abortion in the United States after learning that a drug she had taken, thalidomide, could cause fetal defects. This incident caused nationwide concern about the drug as well as sparking a nationwide debate over abortion. The second event was the epidemic of rubella measles that occurred in the United States. This disease can cause fetal defects when contracted by a pregnant woman. Both of these events gave a rise to the movement by influencing public opinion toward the reform of abortion law. These events forced doctors to confront the differences within their profession over abortion. This caused some liberal doctors to support the reform of the abortion laws. The Association for the Study of Abortion (ASA) was formed as a result of the professional interest in this issue. This association was formed in 1964 by Dr. Alan Guttmacher of Planned Parenthood as an educational association. Only twenty active members, consisting of doctors, lawyers and other professionals, were actively involved in this group. However; the ASA was important in lending credibility and authority to the abortion movement in the early years when this support was badly needed. It should be noted that in the early years the ASA was not in the forefront of the movement as it refused to support aggressive measures to change the abortion laws. The ASA was crucial in bringing together activists who disagreed with the ASAs cautious approach. These activists later worked together to found the National Association for Repeal of Abortion Laws (NARAL). Lawrence Lader, NARAL founder, had become a ASA boardmember as a result of his research on abortion. Ruth Smith, another NARAL founder, had served as executive director of the ASA. Also, Dr. Lonny Myers was crucial to the founding of NARAL and Lader contacted her through his ASA contacts. Early organizers used their connections to recruit professionals who would lend this movement prestige and influential power. The early Pro-Choice movement also benefited from other social movements of the era. Women, college students and other young people who were activated by earlier movements of the 1960s became the grass-roots constituents of the movement to legalize abortion. These constituents were available and also felt very strongly about the issues at hand. The population organizations of the time also aided the early Pro-Choice movement. The Association for Voluntary Sterilization (AVS) and Zero Population Growth(ZPG) shared members with NARAL. ZPG, especially, had local chapters that were heavily student influenced. These local chapters became deeply involved in the mobilization of the movement. The womens movement was emerging as the abortion movement was getting off the ground. The National Organization for Women (NOW) endorsed abortion appeal, although narrowly, at the second national convention in 1967. NOW participation in the abortion movement was minimal in the early years, but was there nonetheless. NOW was loosely organized in the beginning and was unable to promote grass-roots participation on the issue. The organization did form a national committee to deal with abortion but lacked an ample supply of resources. Other womens groups were also emerging at this time. The ones that had memberships almost solely comprised of younger women, especially those in college, had the most to offer the abortion movement. Many of these young women became key players in the mobilization in these early years. Not only did the emerging abortion reform movement have the advantage of the preexisting organizational bases and concerned

Write an Analysis of the cover of Tsotsi Essays

Write an Analysis of the cover of Tsotsi Essays Write an Analysis of the cover of Tsotsi Essay Write an Analysis of the cover of Tsotsi Essay Write an Analysis of the cover of Tootsie My initial interpretation of the cover of Tootsie was that it was at a time of the day when the sun isnt fully prominent perhaps at Dawn, or it could possibly be at dusk, as the bright orange sun is Just peeking over the tops of the buildings. Also there is the powerful blue sky at the very top of the cover which could show either times of day as it could be forming or leaving. I thought that if it was dawn the male presence on the cover could have Just started or even Just finished work, as its quite common o work shifts like that, this would also explain how he looks tired however, this could also link into the possibility that hes running away. I also noticed that the background was quite poor, and looked poverty stricken like a shanty town, this insinuates that perhaps its based in a third world country such as Africa. This links in to the fact that the biggest presence on the cover is a young looking male, as countries such as Africa are stereotypically male dominant cultures, it is showing that perhaps the film is sticking to the stereotypes almost as if to make sure that the audience understand the film. The boy on the cover looks as though he doesnt quite fit in with the back scene, his clothes look expensive and possibly even branded. A leather Jacket and Chuck Taylor converse all-stars arent exactly what youd expect to see in Africa. Also there is the fact that he has what looks like a bracelet on his right wrist, this insinuates that perhaps the boy has money, how he got it we are still unsure of. However, it may not be a bracelet and in fact could be a lone handcuff which shows us that he could be into crime. It would also explain the fact that hes wearing expensive looking clothes and looks so out of place with his surroundings. On the bottom of the cover, only very small is a train, it looks as though it is Just simply passing by. Like a normal train does, but considering it is in a poverty stricken area it could have some other meaning. This could link into the thought maybe the film contains an element of crime, as the train could be used as a method of escape. Allowing him to leave it all behind and start a-new. As this is typical of people from or backgrounds and poor cities, they escape to get away and try and make a fresh start with the facilities and possibilities for a better life. At first I thought that the child in the boys arms could be a sibling due to the fact the boy looked so young and that maybe the story was about the boys adventure to find his mother and reunite not Just himself but his younger sibling. However, after taking a closer look to such things like his background and the possibility of crime. I thought that perhaps the child was his own. That because of crime hed committed an act which left him with a child he didnt necessarily want or need and he was Just left with it due to either promiscuous relations or even committing an act such as rape, or that maybe the childs mother died and the child was left with its biological father. The boy seems to be holding the child close and tight like hes protecting it which insinuates that they have some form of a relationship and bond together so that he doesnt want the baby to get hurt. This then insinuates that the story could be about the struggles of being single and male parent in a third world country. I looked at the comments that have most to me was the one written by the guardian the popular newspaper stated Visceral, intense and powerful by the fact that it was the guardian who commented on this film it already shows us it must have high status as this particular newspaper has very high standards and doesnt Just promote anything. Also the comment makes us wonder if perhaps the story is about something bad which has happened and theyre trying to make up for their mistakes. Looking over the cover you also notice he awards it won and been nominated for. All of which are quite prestigious awards. Insinuating that it must have been quite a popular film especially to have actually won an Academy Award, and to be nominated for not one but two Betas and a Golden Globe. This shows how much of an effect the movie must have had on people. Also you notice the Production brand, Momentum. This is quite a popular brand which means that this film wouldve had a big budget and of course a wider audience which would explain the amazing nominations and award wins. Lastly, I noticed the GE certificate it had been awarded. 15. This certificate is usually given to films that cannot be seen by a younger audience due to the fact that the topics shown were a little too delicate for them so by giving the film this certificate it almost assures you that there will be some delicate issues included in the film as well as some adult themes. Possibly Sex, Drugs, Violence or strong language. This could show the possibility that the child is actually his. Also could show the audience that he is in quite a poor area and has to steal and kill to survive.

Finanical Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Finanical Management - Essay Example (Investing, 2005) For instance, the US government is the seller of the bonds. When you buy bonds, you become an investor, and they are practically lending money to the US government. The bond bears a promise of the seller to repay the principal amount of the loan at a specified time. When the US Treasury issues a bond, the government guarantees to pay back your principal known as the face value plus interest on maturity. When the investor buys a bond and waits until it matures, he will know exactly how much he is going to receive at the maturity period of the bond. It also called a fixed-income investment as a steady payout is given annually, or semi-annually. For example, you purchase a bond at $1,000 with a fixed rate of 6%, with 4 years of maturity, your income ($60/1000) is $60 which is payable to you every year for 4 years, then you receive the face value of the bond. The coupon rate in bond is fixed and is carried until the maturity of the bond, but the quoted price of the bonds varies because of the interest rates fluctuation. Fluctuations in interest rates values bonds higher or lower than its original value. So when an investor buys a bond and the interest falls, the value of the bond rises, and when the interest rises, the price of the bond falls. Price changes in bonds occur in choices of bonds. Longer term bond prices are more changeable than short term bond prices and more risky. Longer term bonds are more exposed to interest rate risks because the long stream of interest payments to investors does not match the current market interest rates. (AAII) Coupon interest rates vary and changes because it is caused by the fluctuation of rates of interests. Interests in bonds may be fixed, floating or payable at maturity. Interest rates vary because some sellers and buyers of bond want to have an adjustable interest rate which is related to the prevailing market rates. This is called a

The concept of the efficient market hypothesis Essay

The concept of the efficient market hypothesis - Essay Example Furthermore, the change in the currently set prices are would only arise once the new information would land into the market (Ullrich & Ullrich, 2009). The definition of Malkiel (1992; 2003) can be stated as the comprehensive version of the Jensen’s (1978; 1969) idea. Jensen (1978) clearly defined the market efficiency as the state of the market where incremental profits cannot be made by incorporating element of exclusive information in the trading strategies (Timmermann & Granger, 2004).Clearly, the definition put forward by the Malkiel (1992) has three points of emphasis for determining the market as efficient. First, the importance attributed to the information in pricing the units in the financial market. Second factor of emphasis in the definition refers to the capability of the stock market trader or the participants to exploit the exclusive information for generating additional economic profits. Finally, the yardstick to measure the efficiency of market with respect to EMH in term of risk adjusted return net of additional transaction cost (Timmermann & Granger, 2004).Unlike the definitions presented by Jensen (1978) and Malkiel (1992), the proposition concept put forwards by the Fama has many limitations. In fact, Fama was self well aware of the vague component as the fully reflect does not determine any standards for empirical tests (Guerrien & Gun, 2011). LeRoy (1976: 1989) was first to claim the lacking in the definition of the Fama and claimed that definition of the market efficiency.... The definition of Malkiel (1992; 2003) can be stated as the comprehensive version of the Jensen’s (1978; 1969) idea. Jensen (1978) clearly defined the market efficiency as the state of the market where incremental profits cannot be made by incorporating element of exclusive information in the trading strategies (Timmermann & Granger, 2004). Clearly, the definition put forward by the Malkiel (1992) has three points of emphasis for determining the market as efficient. First, the importance attributed to the information in pricing the units in the financial market. Second factor of emphasis in the definition refers to the capability of the stock market trader or the participants to exploit the exclusive information for generating additional economic profits. Finally, the yardstick to measure the efficiency of market with respect to EMH in term of risk adjusted return net of additional transaction cost (Timmermann & Granger, 2004). Unlike the definitions presented by Jensen (1978) and Malkiel (1992), the proposition concept put forwards by the Fama has many limitations. In fact, Fama was self well aware of the vague component as the fully reflect does not determine any standards for empirical tests (Guerrien & Gun, 2011). LeRoy (1976: 1989) was first to claim the lacking in the definition of the Fama and claimed that definition of the market efficiency as the repetition of same concept in different dimension. The criticism from LeRoy (1976) was also admitted by the Fama (1976). In addition to the criticism about the lacking in the presentation of idea, the first criticism about the idea itself appeared in the year 1973 by Shiller (Guerrien & Gun, 2011). Shiller (2003) pointed to the difference which is statistically significant about the true value and assessed

Alcohol Peer Pressure in College Essay Example for Free

Alcohol Peer Pressure in College Essay In the article â€Å"Above the Influence,† the main idea focuses on how alcohol in college has clinched onto society and is now considered a norm. The goal of this study was to explore how non drinking college students negotiated communication about a potentially stigmatized behavior abstinence from alcohol (675). The concept of the paper goes into depth on how students who dont drink alcohol are usually an outcast or fall into peer pressure to fit in. In order to support the claims, researchers conducted an experiment to prove their hypothesis. They used both strict non drinkers and drinkers and placed the participants on a party school campus where alcohol is greatly abused. The actions of the kids varied on whether they would keep their non drinking low key or allow others to know about their situation. The research allowed the experimenters to see the variation of how the abstinent drinkers used communication to still fit in. The claims I most agreed with was allowing different non drinkers with various backgrounds to be put in similar situations. The diversity gave a better out look on how they would try to still be social even without the alcohol consumption. When the students used their different tactics to party without upsetting the other drinkers, I believe the empty cup was the best plan (679). When youre communicating and trying to avoid any issues or quarrels, it is best to please the opposite party. Although some of the students did not drink, holding a cup would allow them to socialize without being hounded. Drinking has become a normality in both college and adult culture. It can even be seen as disrespectful to some to refuse the offer or abstain from it. The empty cup allows positive face to take place without questioning or disturbance from drunken or concerned peers. Participant Kristen stated that the cup gave her â€Å"control† of the situation and did give any negative vibes toward others. She was able to fit in the crowd with no problem. The non alcoholic cup could also allow the student to assimilate with new friends without feeling awkward or left out. It can give power to those who feel uncomfortable and out of place when faced with alcohol. Being a minority can always be harsh but the cup trick allowed a path into the majority without losing morals and beliefs. The claims that I did not agree with the most was blatantly telling fellow party goers that they were not drinkers. Choosing to abstain from alcohol should be kept as a private matter and does not need to be show boated or announced. A non drinker who states their lifestyle can be seen as a prude or over responsible. Their actions can belittle a social drinker and even stir up an argument (678). As shown in the article, participant Andy was caught in an argument with a girl after declaring his abstinence. He could have hurt his relationship if the issue had gotten out of hand. His honesty without privacy has caused an uneasy feeling among others. Some of the students could have tried to please themselves and their peers by using a prop to get out of pressure. College students already know how hard it is to assimilate without adding alcohol to the mix and should try to avoid any persecution. In many cases it is great to own up to a positive lifestyle, but dealing with young adults is in another spectrum. The brutality and insults given by peers can damage a person both emotionally and mentally. The bashing can also cause one to change their outlook or mentality about drinking. By being unaccepted into the norm, a person can try to change their selves to fit in. Not only can denying drinking be an issue to the victim, but also a fellow peer. Alcohol is not always the center of a party or get together, but it is shown that when someone refuses a drink, the offered can feel offended, as if he or she were being dismissed as a person (677). Looking to keep the best interest of both parties is not to inform others about personal decisions. The experiment overall did allow many questions to be debunked, but I dont agree with using a college as a normal situation. In college, students are given a great amount of freedom which causes curiosity and experimenting. Whether it is with drugs or alcohol, college students use foreign or illegal items excessive when they are accessible. Most students are able to kick the negative habits when they are thrown into the real world and given real problems. The experiment should have been used in both college and adult life to give a feel on how being a non drinker is abnormal. I believe that a non drinker would be more accepted in a real world situation because being responsible is admirable when older. When put into a college realm, people tend to be very judgmental due to the level of maturity. Peer pressure never disappears but it does subside when the level of maturity develops fully. Adults do not force or ridicule others when they are giving off a positive action. Although non drinkers can fall into stereotypical types such as a recovering alcoholic (676), it is easy to kick the labels when older. Therefore I do believe this article and research met the goal of different communication skills when dealing with abnormal choices in society. The experiment allowed to explore the responses of people when deciding on how they deal with abstaining from alcohol. Some of the feedback gave positive and accepting results while other communication methods created tension and unwanted stress. Although some forms of communication worked better in social situations rather than others, having an array of different attitudes helped determined which faces worked best in college. The positive face allowed participants to have both a good time and maintain their safety. The other participants who chose their own route did have a hard time being accepted by others. Both methods created different paths, but allowed their abstinence of alcohol to be accepted in either a positive or negative light.

Identity in Maya Angelous Graduation :: Maya Angelou The Graduation

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The inquiry of identity is both a philosophical and a psychological question. Identity is not only comprised of the characteristics that make individuals unique, but also includes external perceptions that classify groups of people together. It gives individuals a unique sense of self, and also lends itself to the application of labels and stereotypes. I believe identity is an integral part of human existence. It creates societies and distinguishes culture. It gives individuals a sense of community and self-worth. I have an identity that no one else can own. It is a reflection of my past and the foundation for my future. Every decision I make becomes a part of my identity. But like all humans, I tend to change my mind frequently.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My identity is dynamic. I think this is common for all humans. I believe that all people undergo changes and shifts in identity. I once knew a Navy SEAL that would tell stories of the missions that he carried out while in the service. He often commented on the fact of how easily he and his comrades could joke and carry normal conversation merely minutes after having killed other soldiers. The dramatic change from a stalking killing machine to a â€Å"good ol’ drinking buddy† was astonishing. Maya Angelou describes in her essay â€Å"Graduation† an abrupt shift in identity that she experienced. During her 8th grade commencement ceremony, she became painfully aware of the prejudice and stereotypes that haunt her race. She also realized the history of this behavior and the obstacles that she faces when she heard the words to the Negro National Anthem â€Å"for the first time† (Angelou 38). I think it is common to experience mo ments in life that significantly change identity. I believe the most common shift in identity is the maturation process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I’ve always been fairly levelheaded, but within the last four years I have matured significantly and adapted my identity appropriately. My priorities have shifted and my attitudes have changed. I am essentially a different person. This change happened when I decided to return to school to finish my bachelor’s degree. I was holding down a full-time position, but in reality I was trying to perform the job of two people.

Explain Arisotles Virtue Ethics

Dominance is a state of action as opposed to inaction and an individual must work hard in order to achieve it. To reach Dominance you must reason and be a thinker as this is unique to humans, it is the final cause for humanity as it is the most fulfilling position to be in. Reaching such a superior end goal requires hard work and effort: â€Å"man is a political and social animal† – the greatest good for a person is for them to actively participate in the politics of society and to interact with other humans, morality can only arise once these activities have been performed.A riotous life is an ongoing task and can only be achieved through practice and education. â€Å"Dominance is an end in itself' and is merely pursued for its own virtues rather than as a means to an end. A virtue, for Aristotle, is a trait that contributes to a person functioning well as a human being such as bravery and generosity. A virtue is not doing one action on one given occasion such as givi ng to charity once and then never again, it is not ‘feeling virtuous as you are not brave if you feel brave and do not act upon it and it is also not a natural inclination as someone who has been born that way has not worked to become virtuous.Aristotle concludes that a virtue is a learned nature/tendency to reason and act in a certain way. We are each responsible for the choices that we make based on personal vice and virtue, how virtuous a person may be is entirely dependent on how they will intend to act in any given situation. The doctrine of the mean/the golden mean is a central concept in Aristotle virtue ethics. According to the doctrine of the mean, a virtue is a mean state between two extremes: one of excess and one of deficiency.To be virtuous, one virtue must connect with another. Virtues will only fully develop in a minority of people and the doctrine of the mean can be used to guide you; however you must be educated to use this. And so, an element of elitism can b e seen here. For example: it is good to be courageous, however you can have too much or, even, too little courage. Aristotle did not explicitly declare what the midpoint was, and so it is clearly not of numerical value and so it must be more about acting at the right time.Although virtue ethics does not give you a clear answer to an ethical dilemma, it allows each individual to respond to each different situation they face. Aristotle believed that there were 4 different groups of people. There are vicious people who are those that do not attempt to be virtuous. There are incontinent people who face moral conflict but usually choose a vice. Continent people do the virtuous thing most of the time but still have to overcome a moral dilemma, and virtuous people enjoy doing good actions, and so they face no moral dilemmas in life.Choices are important as every human has an aim in life. Such aims are then split into either superior or subordinate aims and, according to Aristotle; the supe rior aim of an individual is Dominance as this is the final purpose of a human. In society, some people re hedonists and seek pleasure, some serve the community and seek honor (politicians) and some are philosophers and live in a state of contemplation. Aristotle believes philosophers to be the best as they possess the ability to exercise key intellectual virtues which allow them to steer themselves towards Dominance.Virtues are either moral or intellectual in which there are 5 intellectual virtues according to Aristotle: prudence/practical wisdom, intuitive intelligence, wisdom, scientific knowledge and craft/art. Of the 5 virtues, Aristotle considers practical wisdom to be the most important in Virtue Ethics as it imply describes moral behavior, and does not require people to do something different to what they already do.You may do a string of good actions, but unless you know the direction you are to go then you may end up on the wrong path. Since people act differently in every situation there are no inherently bad actions. Anyone who is virtuous should, theoretically, always make the correct decision. Aristotle Virtue Ethics is person rather than action based; it looks at the moral character of the person carrying out an action. Good character traits must be cultivated and developed in order for people to truly achieve Dominance.